My past research estimated that 50-80% of the DNA of the Y chromosome originated in Near East arguing that Ashkenazi Jews are directly tied to Israel and largely lived apart as their religion dictated and often was imposed on them by local rulers. Over centuries intermarriage did occur and so overtime the X "chromosome" was "fundamentally European". This was not the first-time large segments of Jews were cut-off from Israel only to return hundreds of years later.

Regarding culture, the primary changes in Jewish culture reflected the need of Jews to adapt to local conditions. So Jewish "food" changed but remained "kosher". Clothing had to adapt to the weather. The Jews were force to use "time" instead of "place" as the center of their religion (so Holy Days and the Sabbath became more important) than Mt. Sinai and "the Temple in Jerusalem"). The Jews also adapted other signs to identify them as Jews including items of clothing. But "place" never become unimportant, simply unattainable.

Regarding the Palestinians, when the Muslims first conquered Israel the "non-Jewish" Semitic people of the region were given the option of converting or dying. The same "choice" was not imposed on the Jews. That accounts for the "descendants of people who never left" component of Palestinian genetic identity.

However, until the Arab conquest, the various Semitic groups each had their own "homeland" within the land of Israel and that had been true for thousands of years. The non-Jews who converted to Islam did mix over time with Arabs from other parts of the Arab Caliphate. Later the Turks conquered Israel and they too brought immigrants to Israel from other parts of their empire, hoping to create a closer tie to "the Empire" and a less "nationalistic identity".

And to some extent it worked. Unlike the Jews as you document who continued to seek to gain control over the land given to them by God, the new emerging ethnic group (Palestinians) due to their "blended" history and shared religion were far more aligned with the Ottoman Empire than with other "Arab" populations.

As a people, they had no history of independence.

With the defeat of the Ottoman Empire "nationalist" movements exploded across the old Ottoman Empire. Zionism was one of those that had existed at you documented long before the Ottoman Empire collapsed in fact at some level Zionism has always existed. The "Palestinian" nationalist movement was relatively new in fact the "term" Palestinians as a "people" did not come into use until the 1950s, before that it referred to residents of that region of what was the Ottoman Empire.

The British realizing the incompatibility of these two groups kept trying to figure out how to divide the land between them. The end of WW2 and the need to relocate hundreds of thousands of Jews forced their hand. And so, they divided the land between the two competing groups defined largely by their religion. Both had historical claims to the land.

Palestinians' claims were tied to the Semitic groups that converted to Islam. And Jewish claims were tied to the Semitic groups that remained Jewish and in Israel. With the creation of Jewish homeland, the dream of thousands of Jews around the world had come to fruition. The land given to them by God was their land again and thousands of Jews not only from Europe but everywhere began to return to the land of Abraham.

The Palestinians refused to recognize Jewish claims, even as their own religion recognizes Abraham as a prophet and messenger of God and the ancestor of the Jews and the Arabs each given land from God through Abraham.

Interestingly, the British did not recognize Palestinians as "Palestinians" but instead thought of them as Arabs living in the British Protectorate. That is not true either. The Palestinians were really a mix of Islamic peoples including those original Semitic converts. However, based on this background, the "two state" solution remains the most "accurate" division if one thinks of "claims" originating from the descendants of the Semitic groups that inhabited the land and whose history diverged to the point of incompatibility.