First, I provided you the PayScale study... PayScale is in the business of providing corporations all over American pay data for use in compensating employees. It also conducts examination and reports to companies on their compensation practices. I suspect you are have never worked at the executive level for a national company. I say that not to diminish you, but simply because you fail to understand the liability companies face if in fact their compensation practices discriminate and why they put so much effort insuring that they don't. If the company is large enough they are constantly having to deal with EEOC complaints since people tend to presume discrimination and the EEOC is very big on statistical confirmation.
The PayScale studies can't determine how much the gap is based on gender or race, but they can establish based on the data in the database that it is less than 2% (ideally it is zero), but with the data they capture they can only say its less than 2%. And since they update their data annually, they can say the gap has been shrinking for the last five years... there is nothing anecdotal in their studies.
A study speaks for itself. Beyond what the study finds is subjective. What is clear is that "white privilege" does not express itself in compensation.
Now if you want to do a little of your own research, you can look at some of the BLS employment surveys and what you will find is that African American unemployment levels are higher than white unemployment levels... something people have used to argue in favor of white privilege. But if you did a bit deeper into those studies, you will find if you adjust for level of education attained, African American unemployment is lower than white unemployment, which makes sense given that many companies have aggressive affirmative action racial diversity goals.
The interesting thing is whether it is pay rate or employment rate, the gap between African American pay (less than 2%) and African American employment slightly higher is incredibly close once education and other non racial factors are accounted for. These are not anecdotal stories, but massive data bases that produce these results.
The Medical study was done by the University of Michigan in Flint. I believe the year was 2018. I would not be surprised if the AEI picked it up. But frankly, you can look at any set of medical school statistics for the last 20 years and you will find the same results. I ran physicians groups for years, it is common knowledge. Again find me any statistical study that show African Americans are discriminated against with regard to medical school admissions.
The same is true of the Ivy league which was sued by Asian advocacy groups because of their discriminatory practices.
Show me any studies that contradict the findings above...
Now let's get to your "former slave" claim. That may be true, but that is not based on skin color, but rather culture. So people like my daughter in law and niece's husband, both from African do not have the "history" of slavery. Likewise, Obama whose white mother was descended from slave owners and whose father was African, likewise did not inherit the culture. But that proves Sowell's point, that culture not race are the biggest predictors of an "identity group's success". While you seem inclined to treat people of African descent as a monolithic group, statistics vary greatly among the various identity groups who have substantial African blood.
Interestingly, the biggest predictor of African American success or failure is not whether the person is descended from slavery, but the home situation they grew up under. Again this points to social factors not skin color. There is a ton of research in this area, you can check out.
Regarding felons. Here if you do your homework you will find one of the few cases of where I could find evidence of "systemic racism". But its not on the law enforcement side. It is very hard to show systemic racism on the law enforcement side (individual cases of racism are evident). If you use police encounter data and the FBI violent crime databases, you find no evidence of racism, which again makes sense given all of the internal reviews that are done by law enforcement agencies throughout the country and the fact that in most major cities either the mayor or Chief of Police are minorities in some cases both positions are held by minorities.
The one place there does appear to be evidence of systemic racism is at the judicial level. Studies have documented that African Americans are treated unfairly in the sentencing process. Because judges are not subject to the same review process as law enforcement, it appears racism remains.
Anyway, the rest of your statements are largely subjective without any objective data to support your statements or in other cases just opinions...
